OHT Notes

Introductory Chemistry Textbook

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I. Introduction and History

Unit 1

1

Ch 1.1-1.3

A. Chemistry

2

B. Matter

3

C. Ancient Societies

4,5

1. Egyptians

2. Greeks

3. Arabs

D. Alchemists

6

Ch1

Ch1#3

E. Galileo

F. Boyle

8

G. Scientific Method

10,11

Ch1

Ch1#8

1. Process

2. Hypothesis

3. Theory

4. Law

Ch1

Ch1#9, 10, 12

H. Lavoisier

9

Ch1

Ch1#14, 15

1. Mass vs. Weight

I. Chemistry Subdivisions

7

Ch1

II. Measurements

Unit 2

Ch PSS1-PSS7

A. Qualitative & Quantitative

1

B. Parts of a Measurement

2

PSS.1

PSSS#1

C. Accuracy

3

D. Precision

4

E. Significant Figures(bathroom scale)

11

PSS#5

F. Significant Figures Rules

PSS.2

PSS#9,11

G. Fundamental & Derived Quantities

5

H. Significant Figures in calculations

6

PSS.4, PSS.5

PSS#19,21,23,25

I. Solving Word Problems

7,8,9,10

J. Rounding

PSS.3

PSS#15,17

K. Scientific Notation

  PSS.6, PSS.7

PSS#13,31,37,39,41

III. Metric System

Unit 3

Ch2

A. Distance

PSS.1

B. Prefixes

1

Ch2.1

Ch2#1,3,5

C. Mass

PSS.1

D. Weight

PSS.1

E. Volume

2, 7

Ch2.5,PSS.1

Ch2#29,31,37

F. Liquid Volume

10

Ch2.7

G. Unit Factors

8

Ch2.2, 2.3

Ch2#15,17c,79

H. Temperature

5,6

Ch2.8

Ch2#59,61,62
Ch4#65,67

I. Heat

Ch2.9

Ch2#2, Ch2#67

J. Density/Specific Gravity

3,4,7,9

Ch2.7

Ch2#47,49,53,57,89,91

IV. Properties and Changes of Matter

Unit 4

Percent

Ch3

A. State

1. Solid

Ch3.1

a. amorphous

Ch11.4, 11.5

b. crystalline

2. liquid

Ch11.1

3. gas

Ch10.1

Ch3# 1-7 KeyConcepts 11

4. plasma

B. Type of Matter – concept

Ch3.2

1. Pure substance

Ch3#42

2. Mixtures

i. Heterogeneous

ii. Homogeneous

Ch3#13,15,79,81

3. Others

C. Physical and Chemical Properties

1,2,3

Ch3.6

Ch3#43,47,48,49

a. Organic vs. Inorganic

D. Physical and Chemical Changes

4

Ch3.7 Ch7.1

Ch3#51,53,57 Ch7#2

E. Law of Conservation of Mass

Ch3.8

Ch3#59

F. Energy

Ch3.9

1. Potential energy

2. Kinetic energy

Ch3#63,65

3. Changes and Energy

5

Ch3#75,77

a. Endothermic

Ch3KeyConcepts17

b. Exothermic

G. Law of Conservation of Energy

6

Ch3.10

1. Energy and Matter E=mc2

Ch3#93,91

2. Einstein

7, 8

Percent worksheet

% Wk Sh

Percent Worksheet

V. Elements, Compounds,
Formulas, and Equations

Unit 5

A. Elements

Ch3.3

1. Earths Crust

Ch3#85

2. People

Ch3#86

B. Symbols

1

Ch3.3

Ch3#17

C. Types of Elements

Ch3.4, Ch5.1

1. Metals

2. Nonmetals

2,3

Ch5#17,18

a. Diatomic elements

4

p231 Chart

b. monatomic elements

5,6,7

p134

3. Semi-metals or Metalloids

12

Ch3#23,27,29,33

D. Compounds

Ch3.5

1. Molecular - covalent

8,13

Ch6.1

2. Ionic Salts  -  Ions

Ch6#1 Ch12#5

a. Cations

b. Anions

c. Polyatomic Ions

Ch6.3

Ch6#3

E. Binary Nomenclature

9-11,14

Ch6#25,26

F. Formula

Ch3.5

Ch3KeyConcpts13,14

a. Subscript

Ch3#35,38

b. Parentheses

15

Ch3#39

G. Chemical Equations and Balancing

Ch7.2

1. Reactants & Products

16

2. Coefficients

17

Ch7.3

3. Balance

18,19,20

Ch7.3

Ch7#17,85b,86a

VI. The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure

Unit 6

Ch4, Ch5

A. The Periodic Table

17

Ch5.1

Ch5#1,5

1. Periodic Law - arranged with respect to chemical properties

Ch5.2

Ch5#5

2. Predicting formulas from a model

1,2

Ch5.5

Ch5#42,45

3. Atomic Number

18, 19

Ch5.2

Ch4#21abc

4. Features

20

Ch5.3

Ch5#17,20

a. Columns

Ch5#73

b. Rows

Ch5#9,10

c. A & B subgroups

Ch5.3

i. Representative & Transition Elements

Ch5#12

ii. Halogens

iii. Noble gasses

iv. Alkali metals

v. Alkaline metals

Ch5#21

Ch5#25abcd,26abc

B. Atomic structure

1. Daltons Atomic Theory

Ch4.1

Ch4#1ab

2. Subatomic particles

Ch4.2

a. electron

b. proton

Ch4#7,9,15,16

c. # electrons = # protons

d. neutron

3,4

3. Rutherford Experiment

Ch4.3

a. Nucleus and nuclear structure of the atom

Ch4#11,12

b. Atomic number

Ch4.4

Ch4#25

c. Mass number

Ch4.5

Ch4#22 not Atomic Nota

d. Isotopes

16

Ch4#17a,19b,20b

4. Bohr

5

Ch4.8

Ch4#51

5. Quantum Mechanics model

Ch4.7

6. Electronic Structure

a. Principal Quantum level

i. electrons in shells

Ch4#71

ii. valence shell

b. Orbitals

Ch4.9,Ch4.10

Ch4#67

i. spdf

ii. electrons per orbital

Ch4#70

iii. orbital shapes

Ch4.11

Ch4#79

7. Electron Configuration

6,7

Ch5.6

Ch4#75a,77

d. Valence electron Configuration

8,10

Ch5.7

Ch5#57,59aceg

8. Lewis Dot Structure of Atoms

9

Ch5.8

Ch5#61bdfh

13. Periodic Table Trends

16

Ch5.4

Ch5#29

a. electron configuration

Ch5.6

Ch5#47,53bdg

b. valence electrons

Ch5.7

Ch5#59bdfh,61aceg

c. atomic size

11

Ch5#31,35ab,36ab

d. Ionization Energy

15

Ch5.9

Ch5#63,64,67

f. Electronegativity

12,13, 14

p356-357 Elctng.Trend

Ch12#47,49

VII. Bonding and the Formation of Compounds

Unit 7

Ch12

A. What are bonds

Ch12.1

B. Why bonds form

1. stability and bonding

1,2

2. octet rule

Ch5.5

3. lose electrons for octet

Ch12.2

4. gain electrons for octet

3,4

Ch12#1,3,19ad

5. Lewis Dot Structure of Ions

Ch12.2

6. Charge of Ions - the octet rule

5,6

Ch5.5

Ch12#11ab,13bd

C. Ionic bonds

Ch12#9,27abd

3. Lewis Dot Structure of Ionic Compounds  or   Salts

7

4. Formulas of Ionic Compounds

8 Important

Ch6.5

Ch6#19ab

D. Covalent bonds

Ch12.3

1. Shared electrons

Ch12#31abd32abd

2. Single, double, triple bonds

3. Lewis Dot Structure of covalent molecules

9

Ch12.4

Ch12#33abcd,37ab

4. Polar Covalent Bonds

10,11

Ch12.6 Ch12.7

Ch12#45,53

E. Polar/Non-polar Molecules

Ch12.9 Ch12.10

F. Coordinate Covalent Bonds

12—18

Ch12.8

Ch12#35b,61

G. Polyatomic Ions

Ch12#39a

VIII. Nomenclature and Formulas of Compounds

Unit 8

A. Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Ch6.4

Ch6#19ac,21ad

B. Nomenclature

Ch6.1

Ch6#1

1. Binary Compounds

Ch6.2

a. metal and nonmetal

Ch6.5

Ch6#25ad

b. Metal  - more than one ion

1,2

Ch6.5

Ch6#5ac7ac27bd29ad

c. Nonmetal and nonmetal

Ch6.7

Ch6#45,47

2. Ternary compounds

3,4

Ch6.3 Ch6.6

Ch6#15a,16b,35c,37a, 39cd

3. Acids, Bases, and Salts

a. Binary acids

Ch6.8

Ch6#49,50

b. Ternary acids

5,6

Ch6.9

Ch6#51b53b

c. Bases

7

Ch7.11 Ch15.3

b. Neutralization Reactions

8,9,10

Ch7.11 & p408

C. Determining formulas from names

11,12

Ch6.4

Ch6#48ab

X. Equations and Chemical Reactions

Unit 10

Ch7

A. moles

Ch8.1

Ch8#1ac3ac5,7

B. Avogadros number and calculations mol-atom

1

Ch8.2

Ch8#9

C. atomic weight and calculations
grams to mol

2,3

Ch8.3

Ch8#13ab

D. grams to moles to atom or molecule

4,5

Ch8.4

Ch8#19ab21b

E. Formula weight and calculations

6,7

Ch8#19c

F. percent composition

8,9

Ch8.7

Ch8#41

G. empirical and molecular formulas

10,11

Ch8.9

X. Equations and Chemical Reactions

Unit 10

Ch7

A. completing and balancing

1

Ch7.3, Ch7.1

Ch7#17ae

B. other symbols

2

Ch7.2

Ch7#7

C. Types of Chemical Equation

Ch7.4

D. combination/Synthesis

Ch7.5

1. two elements

Ch7#33,35

2. nonmetal oxide & water

3

Ch7#90

3. metal oxide and water

4,5

Ch11#63bc

E. Decomposition

1. binary compound

2. ternary acid

3. base

6

F. Single displacement

Ch7.7, Ch7.8

Ch7#57a

1. activity series

Ch7#49,61,63 also tell go or no go for all

2. oxidation and reduction

G. Double displacement reactions

Ch7.9 Ch7.10

1. neutralization reactions

Ch7.11 Ch15.11

Ch7#77

2. precipitation reactions

7

Ch7#73

H. Energy and chemical reactions

1. combustion

8,9

2. exothermic

3. endothermic

10,11,12

4. photosynthesis

13

XI. Calculations from Chemical Eqns.

Unit 11

Ch9

A. what coefficients mean

1,2

Ch9.1

Ch9#5a,

B. mole-mole calculations

3,4,5,6

Ch9.2

Ch9#7,9,11

C. mass-mole-mole-mass calculations

7

Ch9.4

Ch9#19,21,27,87

XII. Liquids and Changes of State

Unit 12

Ch11

A. Abundance of H2O

B. Boiling point

1

Ch3.1,Ch11.3

Ch11#1,3ab,79,80

1. Heat of vaporization

2,3

C. Melting point/freezing point

4

Ch11.4, 13.6

1. Heat of fusion

D. Changes of state

1. energy

2. effects (heating and cooling)

5,6,7

3.density

Ch11#53

E. Sublimation

F. Heating and cooling curve

8

Ch11.6

Ch11#33

G. Water compared to other Hydrogen compounds

Ch11.8

Ch11#59

1. Why H2O is so different than H2S, H2Se, H2Te

Ch11.7

Ch11#45

2. H-bonding

9,10

Ch11.2,Ch12.9

Ch11#8,49,52,53

XIII. Properties of Solutions

Unit 13

Ch13

A. solutions

Ch13.1,Ch13.2

1. Solute

Ch13.3

2. solvent

Ch13#81

3. types

4. terms

Ch13.6,Ch13.7

B. Structure of Solutions

Ch13.4

Ch13#23a

C. factors that affect solubility

1,2,3

Ch13#1a,9ab,11ab,15,79

D. factors that affect rate of
dissolving

4,5,6

Ch13.5

Ch13#26,82

E. why solutions are important

F. concentration units

1. weight percent

7

Ch13.8

Ch13#43ab,44ab

3. Molarity

8,9

Ch13.9

Ch13#53ac

4. Dilution calculations

10

Ch13.10

Ch13#65,67

G. Colligative Properties

a. Freezing and Boiling point

b. Diffusion and Osmosis